A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a passive defense Approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

1مقدمه: دانشجویان از مجموعه فعالیت های ذهنی در هنگام مطالعه استفاده می­کنند تا رویکردهای متفاوت مطالعه را با توجه به عملکرد، ماهیت برنامه درسی و تسلط خود در دوران تحصیل بکار بگیرند. این مطالعه درصدد مقایسه رویکردهای مطالعه و عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان مقطع پزشکی عمومی در سال­های اول تا چهارم به تفکیک جنسیت بوده است. روش­ها: روش این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی-مقطعی است. نمونه این مطالعه 287 دانشجوی رشته پزشکی عمومی در مقاطع علوم پایه و فیزیوپاتولوژی دانشگاه­ علوم پزشکی تهران در سال تحصیلی 1397-1398 هستند که از طریق روش نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای انتخاب شدند. از ابزار رویکردهای مطالعه و یادگیری تت و همکاران استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل با آزمون آماری تحلیل واریانس انجام شده است. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که نمره رویکردهای سطحی و عمیق مطالعه دانشجویان سال­ اول به صورت معنی­داری کمتر از دانشجویان سال سوم و چهارم است. استفاده دانشجویان از رویکردهای راهبردی درسال­ اول بیشتر از دانشجویان سال­های دیگر است. عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان سال دوم بیشتر از سال­های دیگر دانشگاه است. نتیجه ­گیری: مطالعه حاضر نتایج تازه­ای مبنی بر تحولی بودن استفاده از رویکردهای مطالعه طی چهارسال مقطع پزشکی عمومی نشان داده است. استفاده دانشجویان از رویکردهای سطحی، عمیق و راهبردی به صورت تحولی رشد کرده و در سال­های بالاتر، استفاده از رویکرد سطحی کمتر شده و از رویکردهای عمیق و راهبردی بیشتر استفاده می­شود. عملکرد تحصیلی بالای دانشجویان در سال دوم به دلیل تسلط بر برنامه درسی است و بعد از سال دوم به دلیل ساختار متفاوت برنامه درسی، افت تحصیلی مشاهده می­شود.

Knowing the Approaches of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) of Quranic researching provides the basis for understanding, analyzing and criticizing their views and opinions, because tafsīr (Arabic: تفسیر, exegesis) texts are influenced by the commentator’s worldview and mental ideas, as well as a reflection of the cultural and social requirements of his era. One of the issues that has recently become a subject in the field of understanding and interpreting the Holy Book of Quran is the effect of gender element in the understanding of religious texts. Therefore, this research, using descriptive-analytical method in a comparative context, has investigated the tendency, Fundamentals and exegetical methods of “Āmina Wadud” (Arabic: آمنة ودود) and “ʿĀʾisha Bint al-Shāṭi” (عائشة بِنت الشاطئ) two of the Quran researchers. The obtained results indicate that the interpretative tendency of Āmina Wadud is social, transsexual and justice-oriented. She has used the hermeneutic method and philosophical analysis in explaining the discourses of the Qur'an in this regard. The tendency of the fundamentals and methods in the Quranic understanding of Āmina Wadud in her social commentary leads her to Islamic rulings in the field of women in order to present a new and modern reading of them. But Bint al-Shāṭi’s exegesis tendency is theological literary in line with the Quran’s verbal inimitability (Arabic: الإِعجاز البیانیّ, Romanized: al-Iʾjāz) of the Holy Book of Quran. She is trying to put emphasis and style (the methods used in written language) on the verbal inimitability of the Holy Book of Quran by a linguistic point of view in line with the method of verbal exegesis.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) Approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

This Study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian Approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding Approach, which is based on a basic genetic algorithm, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity structures are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic algorithm and multi-objective optimization goals. The genetic algorithm's efficacy in determining the shape of structures with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the algorithm suggested in this Study are validated using the force density Approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative Study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity structures through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.

The problem of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological Approach and physiological Approach to the problem of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative Approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic Approach to the problem of personal identity.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the primary concerns in internet security today. Machine learning can be exploited to detect such attacks. In this paper, a multi-layer perceptron model is proposed and implemented using deep machine learning to distinguish between malicious and normal traffic based on their behavioral patterns. The proposed model is trained and tested using the CICDDoS2019 dataset. To remove irrelevant and redundant data from the dataset and increase learning accuracy, feature selection is used to select and extract the most effective features that allow us to detect these attacks. Moreover, we use the grid search algorithm to acquire optimum values of the model’s hyperparameters among the parameters’ space. In addition, the sensitivity of accuracy of the model to variations of an input parameter is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented model is validated in comparison with some state-of-the-art works.

در عصر ارتباط فرهنگ های متکثر با یک دیگر یکی از مسئولیت های فیلسوفان اخلاق جلوگیری از نزاع های اخلاقی است تا فرهنگ های مختلف، با به رسمیت شناختن یک دیگر و با تکیه بر اشتراکات بشری، روابطی اخلاقی و عدالت محورانه را در سراسر جهان نظریه پردازی کنند. در مراودات فرهنگیِ فراگیر ازطریق فضای مجازی، تبعیض های نژادی، قومی، و جنسیتی امنیت جهانی را به خطر خواهد انداخت؛ ازاین رو باید به نگرش های وحدت بخش اخلاقی اعم از دینی و غیر دینی اندیشید که مداراگر، بردبار، و اهل تعامل با دیگران هستند. در این مقاله، کتاب فلسفة اخلاق: رویکردی تکثرگرا به نظریة اخلاقی، اثر لارنس ام هینمان، در سه بخش جداگانه، تبیین، تحلیل، و نقادی شده است. دیدگاه علمی و غیرجانب دارانة نویسنده، روش منطقی وی در پاسخ به مسائل موردبحث، و نظام سؤالاتی که در پایان هر فصل اطلاعات خوانندگان را ارزیابی می کند از مزایایی است که نگارندة مقاله به دلیل وجود آن ها این کتاب را منبعی مناسب برای واحدهای دانشگاهیِ فلسفة اخلاق معرفی می کند و ترجمة این اثر را به فارسی پیش نهاد می کند.

Purpose: The science of interpretation, as the most important science responsible for understanding the Qur'an, needs to be methodized and updated so that the teachings of the Qur'an can be used easily for all classes of people. In the present Study, the meaning of "future research in interpretation" is the ability to create desirable models for more efficient interpretation in the future, by using scientific tools, creativity and relying on the foundations and rules of interpretation and compensating the damages of interpretation in the past.Method: This research, with descriptive analytical method, answers the question, what are the fields and requirements of future research in interpretation? Findings: The results of the current research are based on the fact that special attention to the Qur'an, as the most important source of interpretation, rationality and methodical consideration in interpretation, attention to the prerequisites of interpretation, interpretation based on the requirements of the time, the need to pay attention to thematic interpretation, Studying on the history of interpretation and observing the manners and conditions of interpretation are one of the most important requirements of interpretation in the future. Results: Considering the developments that will take place in the field of knowledge, methods and expectations from science in the future, the interpretation will also change. For this reason, in order not to cause various damages to the interpretation of the Qur'an, it is necessary to pay attention to the various contexts, principles and requirements of the interpretation of the Qur'anic commentators and scholars.